BIOACCUMULATION OF THE PESTICIDE IMIDACLOPRID IN STREAM ORGANISMS AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS ON SALAMANDERS

Neonicotinoids are one of the most widely used classes of insecticides in the world.The neonicotinoid imidacloprid is commonly applied to hemlock (Tsuga spp.) stands in eastern North America to reduce tree mortality from infestations of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae).While laboratory and mesocosm studies have determined t

Differential evolution (DE) is an evolutionary algorithm widely used to solve optimization problems with different characteristics in fields where actions DRY EYE RELIEF and decisions depend on numerical data such as engineering, economics, and logistics.In this paper, an adaptive differential evolution mechanism with cooperative co-evolution and c